BEGIN
Options Automatic

   When active, this option causes the worksheet to be
   calculated whenever a cell value changes or may have
   changed.  This includes entering new data, moving
   and copying ranges, filling a range, etc.  Sorting
   does not force a calculation; instead the "Calc"
   indicator appears at the lower right corner of the
   screen.  This indicator also appears when the auto-
   matic option is off, and the worksheet has changed.

   Press F9 if you wish to recalculate after a sort.



Options Natural Order

   Natural order means to recalculate the less dependent
   cells before the more dependent ones.  That is, if a
   cell references and thus depends on the value of another
   cell, it is usually best to compute the value of the
   referenced cell before using its value in a formula.
   Natural order calculation works this way, allowing you
   you to construct your worksheet without worrying about
   how the position of cells affects the order of 
   calculation.

   Calculation proceeds row-by-row when natural order has
   been turned off.

Circular References

   One complication of natural order is the circular
   cell reference, which occurs when one cell refers to 
   another cell that in turn refers back to the first.
   This can occur directly or indirectly (through
   a chain of cells), and it makes reconciliation of the
   worksheet impossible, since the values of the cells
   involved are constantly changing.  
   
   When PC encounters a circular reference, it uses the 
   current value of the cell, so that cells are calculated 
   only once.  Generally, circular references are errors in 
   worksheet construction, unless intentional.  
   
Circular References (Continued)

   For example, some models require multiple calculations of 
   the worksheet in order for the cell values to converge; 
   other models fail to converge no matter how many times 
   the worksheet is calculated.

   Whenever a circular reference exists, PC will display
   the "Circ" indicator in the lower right corner of the
   screen.  The address of a cell involved in the circular
   reference is found in the Statistics dialog box.  The 
   "Circ" indicator will not appear unless Natural Order is
   in effect, because circularity isn't an issue in a fixed
   order calculation mode.

END
BEGIN
Edit Cut

   Edit Cut allows you to move a range.  First, select the
   range and press Ctrl-X or use the Cut menu item.  Next,
   position the cell pointer in the cell to be the upper
   left corner of the destination range.  Then press Enter
   or Edit Paste to complete the cut and paste operation.

Edit Copy

   Edit Copy operates similarly to Edit Cut.  Edit Copy
   allows you to make multiple copies of the source range.
   You may also copy to a range larger than the source
   range; however, the size of the destination range must
   be an integral multiple of the size of the source range.
   You can easily tell the sizes of the two ranges by
   observing the range indicators in the active cell
   display area.

Edit Paste

   Edit Paste completes a Cut or Copy command.  Pressing
   Enter has the same effect.

Edit Clear

   Edit Clear deletes the current range.



Edit Insert

   Edit Insert allows you to insert rows and columns into
   the worksheet.  With row insertion, for example, if the 
   range contains multiple rows, then Edit Insert
   inserts as many rows as are selected, shifting the
   involved cells downwards.  The insertion is confined to
   the columns in the highlighted range, allowing insertion
   of rows in selected columns only.  To insert whole rows,
   extend the range with Shift-Space.  Insertion of columns 
   is similar; use Ctrl-Space when inserting whole columns.




Edit Delete

   Edit Delete removes the highlighted rows and columns,
   shifting the remaining cells to fill the deleted area.
   Like Edit Insert, this function operates on partial or
   whole rows and columns.









END
BEGIN
File New

   Erases the current worksheet and restores worksheet 
   defaults.

File Open

   Loads a worksheet (.PCW) file from disk, erasing the
   current worksheet.






File Save

   Saves the current worksheet to a disk file.  If the 
   worksheet has not been previously saved, Save functions
   like Save As.  Otherwise, PC saves the file under its
   current name, but allows overwriting the existing file or
   renaming the existing file with the extension .BAK.

File Save As

   Unlike Save, Save As always invokes the file selector, so
   that you may save a file under a new name.



File Merge

   Merge allows you to retrieve a range of cells stored
   on disk.  PC will load the range at the cell pointer
   position, erasing any existing cells within the range
   area.  Cell references within formulas are adjusted
   as if the range had been cut and pasted.

File Save Range

   Saves a range to disk.  Unlike Save and Save As, Save
   Range only stores the cell information, omitting print
   settings, calculation mode, etc.


File Import/Export

   This command loads and save worksheet files in Lotus 123 
   format.  PC supports both 123 Release 1 (WKS) and 2 (WK1) 
   files.  PC's cell grid is smaller than 123's, so cells 
   from a 123 worksheet outside the PC grid will not be 
   retrieved.

File Print

   Prints the worksheet.  Described in more detail under the
   Help Print topic.



File Save as Text

   Prints the worksheet to an ASCII file using the formatting
   options of the Print dialog box.

File DOS Shell

   Allows use of DOS commands; return to PC by entering EXIT 
   at the DOS command line.






END
BEGIN
Moving around the Worksheet

Cursor keys           Move one cell in indicated direction
PageUp/PageDown       Move one screen up or down
Ctrl-PageUp/PageDown  Move one screen right or left
Tab/Shift-Tab         Move one screen right or left
Home                  Move to column A of current row
End                   Move to last filled cell, current row
Ctrl-Home             Move to top left of active area
Ctrl-End              Move to bottom right of active area
Range/Goto            Jump to cell/named range in worksheet

Data Entry

The PC formula bar operates in two modes:  Enter and Edit.
Enter mode is convenient for fast data entry, while Edit
mode provides enhanced capability for changing text.  In
Enter mode, the cursor keys, PageUp/PageDown, and Tab/
Shift-Tab all serve to lock in the entry and move the cell
pointer.  In Edit mode, however, these keys move the cursor
in the formula bar.  You may alternate between these modes
by pressing the F2 key.  The editing keys are:

Editing Key       Action
-----------       ------
Enter             Lock in entry

Cursor keys       Lock in entry and       Move cursor in
PageUp/PageDown   move cell pointer       formula bar in
Tab/Shift Tab     in Enter mode           Edit mode
Backspace         Backspace

Delete            Delete character/block

Shift-Cursor      Select block

Home              Move cursor to column 1 in formula bar

End               Move cursor to last occupied column in
                  current line

Ctrl-Home         Move cursor to first character

Ctrl-End          Move cursor to last character

Esc               Clear formula bar/cancel entry

Ctrl-Z            Cancel entry

Range Selection

Select cell ranges by pressing Shift plus one of the
cursor keys or PageUp/PageDown or other key combinations
discussed below.  You may then release the Shift key 
and extend the range area with the cursor keys,
PageUp/PageDown, Tab/Shift-Tab, Home/End, Shift-Space, 
Ctrl-Space or Ctrl-Shift-Space.  These keys work as 
they do for moving around the worksheet.  

Shift-Space, when used to begin a selection, selects 
the entire row containing the cell pointer.  Similarly,
Ctrl-Space selects the entire column containing the 
cell pointer.

When used to extend a range, Shift-Space selects all 
rows involved in the range, and Ctrl-Space selects all
columns.  Finally, Shift-Ctrl-Space selects the entire
worksheet.  You use this latter function to make global
changes to the worksheet cell format.

To complete the range selection, you may press Enter;
however, the following keys both complete the selection
and invoke a function (the menu bar is inactive while
selecting ranges):

Ctrl-C         begins the Copy function
Ctrl-X         begins the Cut function
Ctrl-V/Enter   pastes the cut/copied area
Ctrl-I         begins the Insert function
Ctrl-D         begins the Delete function
Ctrl-B         begins the Clear function
END
BEGIN
The Print dialog box allows you to specify two title lines,
header and footer lines, toggle draft vs. final quality, 
condensed vs. normal pitch, display of formulas, and 
display of row/column titles.  If Print is selected 
and a range is not, the default print range will be
the active worksheet area.  If you have a printer other than
an Epson-compatible or DeskJet, you will need to use the
Options/Printer dialog box to create a new PRINTER.INF
file, so that PC will know the proper printer control codes.






   Header and Footer control codes
   &l     left justify what follows
   &c     center justify what follows
   &r     right justify what follows
   &d     display time
   &f     display filename
   &p     display page number
   &t     display time
   &&     display &

   All other characters are taken literally, so you could
   have a header line such as "&l&d, p. &p&c&f&r&t".  This
   would expand to something like:

   9/15/89, p. 2      D:\FILENAME.PCW        15:16
END
BEGIN
Ranges are rectangular groups of cells defining an area
within which some action is to have effect.  Selecting a
range is described under the Keyboard Help topic.  If no
range is selected, then the active cell is the range.

Data Fill

   Fills a range with numbers, starting with an initial
   value to which the increment is added for each 
   subsequent cell.  You may fill a range with serial date
   values equally-spaced by day, month, week, or year.

Sort

   You may sort a range by rows or columns, where
   cells within one row or column (the key) are used for
   comparison.  Cell references within formulas are not
   adjusted.

Named Ranges and Cells

   PC supports up to 100 named range and cell references,
   which are created through the Define Name dialog box.  
   If a range is selected prior to invoking this function, 
   the range will appear in the "Refers to" line in the 
   dialog box.  Otherwise, the active cell address appears.
   You may specify the references as absolute or relative,
   and named references within formulas behave exactly like
   explicit cell references.

   Many PC dialog boxes require a range or cell to be entered
   into a text field.  You may enter a name into these
   fields, or the explicit cell notation.

Create Name List

   This functions creates a two-column list, beginning at 
   the active cell, of all defined names and their 
   references.

Goto

   This dialog box allows you to jump to any cell or range in
   the worksheet; if the destination is a range, it is
   selected in the process.
END
BEGIN
END
BEGIN
Date is represented by integer serial values where the base
   date is Dec. 30, 1899 (which equals 0).
Time is represented as a fraction of a 24 hour period, such
   that 12 Midnight = 0 and 12 Noon equals 0.5.
Date and time may be represented in a single real number,
   where the integer portion equals the date and the
   fractional part the time of day.

DATE(year,month,day): Returns a serial number representing
   the indicated date.  Year should be year after 1900
   (1989 would be entered as 89, 1900 as 0).
YEAR(expr): Returns the year of the serial date value.
MONTH(expr): Returns the month of the serial date value.
DAY(expr): Returns the day of the month of the serial date.

WEEKDAY(expr): Returns the day of the week of the serial
   date value.  The range is 1-7, where Sunday = 1.
DAYSMONTH(month,year): Returns the number of days in the
   calendar month.  Year is years A.D.
ISLEAP(year): Returns TRUE (1) if the year is a leap year
   and FALSE (0) if it isn't.  Year is years A.D.
TIME(hour,minute,second): Returns a fraction representing
   indicated time.  TIME follows the military convention,
   where hours range from 0-23.
HOUR(expr): Returns the hour, which falls in the range 0-23.
MINUTE(expr): Returns the minute (0-59).
SECOND(expr): Returns the seconds (0-59).
NOW(): Returns a value representing the current date and
   time, as given by the PC's clock.

END
BEGIN
PC uses the convention in which cash inflows are
represented by positive numbers, while cash outflows are
represented by negative numbers.

Type = 1 means ordinary annuity.
Type = 0 means annuity due.
Number of periods (NPER) is synonymous with "term."

All arguments are required.

PV(rate,nper,pmt,fv,type) computes present value.
FV(rate,nper,pmt,pv,type) computes future value.
PMT(rate,nper,pv,fv,type) computes payment.
NPER(rate,pmt,pv,fv,type) compute number of periods.
RATE(nper,pmt,pv,fv,type,guess) computes interest rate.
END
BEGIN
General:

ABS(expr) returns absolute value
DIV(expr1,expr2) returns expr1 DIV expr2
MOD(expr1,expr2) returns expr1 MOD expr2
ROUND(expr,place) rounds expr at place digit
TRUNC(expr,place) truncates expr at place digit
INT(expr) returns integer portion
FRAC(expr) returns fractional portion
ROW(cell) returns row number
COLUMN(cell) returns column number
ROWS(range) returns number of rows
COLUMNS(range) returns number of columns
ERROR() returns ERR
NA() returns NA
DIV and MOD satisfy x = DIV(x,y)*y+MOD(x,y), for both
integer and real-valued arguments.

INT and FRAC satisfy x = INT(x)+FRAC(x); negative values
are handled as in: INT(-3.4) = -3, FRAC(-3.4) = -0.4.

The place argument for ROUND and TRUNC should evaluate to
a positive or negative integer.  When place is positive, the
functions operate to the right of the decimal point, and
when negative, to the left.  When rounding or truncating a
number displayed in scientific notation, remember that ROUND
and TRUNC operate on the number x 10^0 (this may influence
the choice of the place argument).


END
BEGIN
The logical functions use 0 to indicate a FALSE condition,
while non-zero values indicate TRUE.  Functions return 1 to
indicate TRUE and 0 for FALSE.

Operators: =, <>, <, >, <=, >=

IF(expr1,expr2,expr3): These expressions may be anything,
   including nested IFs.  If expr1 evaluates to non-zero,
   then IF returns the result of expr2, but if expr1
   generates 0, IF returns the result of expr3.

AND(expr list): Returns TRUE if all expressions evaluate
   to non-zero, and FALSE if any evaluate to 0.


OR(expr list): Returns TRUE if any of the expressions
   evaluate to non-zero, and FALSE only if all evaluate to
   zero.

AND and OR require at least two arguments, and the upper
   limit is 20.

NOT(expr): Returns TRUE if expr evaluates to zero, and FALSE
   only if expr generates a non-zero value.

ISEMPTY(cell/range list): Returns TRUE if any cells con-
   tained within the list are empty, and FALSE only if all
   possess a value.


ISERR(expr/range list): Returns TRUE if any expressions or
   cells within ranges evaluate to an error condition,
   excluding the NA error status.

ISNA(expr/range list): Similar to ISERR, but this function
   checks specifically for the NA error status.

TRUE(): Returns 1.

FALSE(): Returns 0.





END
BEGIN
The index or offset arguments for all of the lookup
functions start at 1 (Lotus 123 functions start at 0).

CHOOSE(index,expr1,expr2 ... expr): Selects an item from
   the list of expressions at position given by index.

INDEX(row offset,column offset,range): Returns the value of
   the cell located by the row and column offsets within
   the indicated range.

MATCH(compare value,range,type): Returns the position within
   the range of a cell matching the compare value.
   Type =  1: Greatest number <= compare value
   Type =  0: Exact match
   Type = -1: Smallest number >= compare value
LOOKUP(compare value,lookup range,results range): Searches
   the lookup range for the greatest value <= the compare
   value and returns the value of the cell at the same
   relative position within the results range.

HLOOKUP(compare value,row index,range): Horizontal lookup.

VLOOKUP(compare value,column index,range): Vertical lookup.

Both HLOOKUP and VLOOKUP search for the greatest value <=
the compare value and use index as an offset into the range.
For example, if cell A2 contains 2, VLOOKUP(1.5,2,A1:B3)
could match this cell, and it would return the value of cell
B2, since the column index was 2.

END
BEGIN
Simple Statistics:

   All of the following functions accept a list of
   expressions or ranges as arguments, and except where
   noted, empty cells and labels are ignored in the
   calculation.

   SUM
   PROD.......empty cells = 1, unless all are empty
   MEAN
   MEDIAN
   VAR........VAR and SDEV are sample statistics
   SDEV
   VARP.......VARP and SDEVP are population statistics
   SDEVP
   SERR.......standard error
   MAX
   MIN
   COUNT......counts number of values
   RAND(lower bound,upper bound) returns a random number
      falling between the two bounds.
END
BEGIN
Power:

   LOG(expr)..........log base 10
   LN(expr)...........log base e
   EXP(expr)..........exponential function e^expr
   POW(expr1,expr2)...expr1 raised to expr2 power
   SQR(expr)..........square
   SQRT(expr).........square root

Trigonometric:

   SIN(expr)..........PC uses radians for all angles
   COS(expr)
   TAN(expr)
   ASIN(expr)
   ACOS(expr)
   ATAN(expr)
   ATAN2(x,y).........4 quadrant arctangent
   RAD(expr)..........converts degrees to radians
   DEG(expr)..........converts radians to degrees
   PI()
END

